Causes of Global Warming :
“As human-caused biodiversity loss and climate disruption gain ground, we need to keep our sights clear and understand that the measure of a threat is not a matter of whether it is made on purpose, but of how much loss it may cause. It's an ancient habit to go after those we perceive to be evil because they intended to do harm. It's harder, but more effective, to "go after," meaning to more effectively educate and socialize, those vastly larger numbers of our fellow humans who are not evil, but whose behavior may in fact be far more destructive in the long run." (Ed Ayres, editor of Worldwatch magazine, Nov/Dec 2001)
To be simpler, global warming , which is going to be a test for the survival of Human , in our home , EARTH , is caused because of the emission of the green house gases from the planet earth.
The following is a report on these green house gases.It shows you , what are these greenhouse gases , and from where they are emmitted.
The most important greenhouse gases are:
Water Vapor, which causes about 36–70% of the greenhouse effect on Earth. (Note clouds typically affect climate differently from other forms of atmospheric water.)
Carbon Dioxide, which causes 9–26%
Methane, which causes 4–9%
Ozone, which causes 3–7%
Water Vapor:
Water Vapor in the Atmosphere Increasing: Water vapor is the most prevalent and most poweful greenhouse gas on the planet, but its increasing presence is the result of warming caused by carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse gases.
Water vapor holds onto two-thirds of the heat trapped by all the greenhouse gases.As the Earth heats up relative humidity is able to increase, allowing the planet's atmosphere to hold more water vapor, causing even more warming, thus a positive feedback scenario. Because the air is warmer, the relative humidity can be higher (in essence, the air is able to 'hold' more water when its warmer), leading to more water vapor in the atmosphere, says the NCDC. There is much scientific uncertainty as to the degree this feedback loop causes increased warming, inasmuch as the water vapor also causes increased cloud formation, which in turn reflects heat back out into space.
Carbon Dioxide:
Carbon Dioxide from Power Plants: In 2002 about 40% of U.S. carbon dioxide emissions stem from the burning of fossil fuels for the purpose of electricity generation. Coal accounts for 93 percent of the emissions from the electric utility industry.
Coal emits around 1.7 times as much carbon per unit of energy when burned as does natural gas and 1.25 times as much as oil. Natural gas gives off 50% of the carbon dioxide, the principal greenhouse gas, released by coal and 25% less carbon dioxide than oil, for the same amount of energy produced. Coal contains about 80 percent more carbon per unit of energy than gas does, and oil contains about 40 percent more. For the typical U.S. household, a metric ton of carbon equals about 10,000 miles of driving at 25 miles per gallon of gasoline or about one year of home heating using a natural gas-fired furnace or about four months of electricity from coal-fired generation.
Carbon Dioxide Emitted from Cars: About 33% of U.S carbon dioxide emissions comes from the burning of gasoline in internal-combustion engines of cars and light trucks (minivans, sport utility vehicles, pick-up trucks, and jeeps).
Vehicles with poor gas mileage contribute the most to global warming. For example, according to the E.P.A's 2000 Fuel Economy Guide, a new Dodge Durango sports utility vehicle (with a 5.9 liter engine) that gets 12 miles per gallon in the city will emit an estimated 800 pounds of carbon dioxide over a distance of 500 city miles. In other words for each gallon of gas a vehicle consumes, 19.6 pounds of carbon dioxide are emitted into the air.A new Honda Insight that gets 61 miles to the gallon will only emit about 161 pounds of carbon dioxide over the same distance of 500 city miles. Sports utility vehicles were built for rough terrain, off road driving in mountains and deserts. When they are used for city driving, they are so much overkill to the environment. If one has to have a large vehicle for their family, station wagons are an intelligent choice for city driving, especially since their price is about half that of a sports utility. Inasmuch as SUV's have a narrow wheel base in respect to their higher silhouette, they are four times as likely as cars to rollover in an accident.
Carbon Dioxide from Airplanes:The UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates that aviation causes 3.5 percent of global warming, and that the figure could rise to 15 percent by 2050.
Carbon Dioxide from Buildings: Buildings structure account for about 12% of carbon dioxide emissions.
Methane:While carbon dioxide is the principal greenhouse gas, methane is second most important. According to the IPCC, Methane is more than 20 times aseffective as CO2 at trapping heat in the atmosphere. Levels of atmospheric methane have risen 145% in the last 100 years.
Methane is derived from sources such as rice paddies, bovine flatulence, bacteria in bogs and fossil fuel production. Most of the world’s rice, and all of the rice in the United States, is grown on flooded fields. When fields are flooded, anaerobic conditions develop and the organic matter in the soil decomposes, releasing CH4 to the atmosphere, primarily through the rice plants
Ozone:Ozone or trioxygen (O3) is a triatomic molecule, consisting of three oxygen atoms. It is an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than the diatomic O2. Ground-level ozone is an air pollutant with harmful effects on the respiratory systems of animals and humans. Ozone in the upper atmosphere filters potentially damaging ultraviolet light from reaching the Earth's surface. It is present in low concentrations throughout the Earth's atmosphere. It has many industrial and consumer applications.
Nitrous oxide: Another greenhouse gas is Nitrous oxide (N2O).It is a colourless, non-flammable gas with a sweetish odour, commonly known as "laughing gas", and sometimes used as an anaesthetic. Nitrous oxide is naturally produced by oceans and rainforests. Man-made sources of nitrous oxide include nylon and nitric acid production, the use of fertilisers in agriculture, cars with catalytic converters and the burning of organic matter. Nitrous oxide is broken down in the atmosphere by chemical reactions that involve sunlight.
Every action of we human, could be a cause , to run our future generation out of our planet Earth.It may contribute to the extinction of Human race.
Its all up to us , to reduce the individual emission of these greenhouse gases and keep the existence of Human Kind in earth for several more years....
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Are You Preparing for Civil Services?
It is conducted by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) every year. The first stage of the selection process is announced in November-December every year. The selection is done in 3 stages.
Stage I: Preliminary Examination (Prelims)
Stage II: Main Examination
Stage III: Interview Test
Candidates move into the next stage through a process of elimination. The Prelims are held in May-June and results announced in July-August. The Main examination is held in October-November and those who qualify here are invited to the interview in March-April next.
I: Preliminary Examination:The Preliminary Examination consists of two papers of objective type (multiple-choice questions) carrying a maximum of 450 marks.
Paper - I | General Studies | 150 Marks |
Paper - II | One of the optional subjects to be selected from the prescribed optional subjects | 300 Marks |
Optional Subjects (one subject to be selected): Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Botany, Chemistry, Civil Engineering, Commerce, Economics, Electrical Engineering, Geography, Geology, Indian History, Law, Mathematics, Mechanical Engineering, Medical Science, Philosophy, Physics, Political Science, Psychology, Public Administration, Sociology, Statistics, Zoology.
General Studies Topics:
General Science.
Current events of national and international importance
History of India and Indian National Movement
Indian and World Geography
Indian Polity and Economy
General Mental Ability
Questions on General Science will cover general appreciation and understanding of science including matters of everyday observation and experience, as may be expected of a well educated person who has not made a special study of any particular scientific discipline. In current events, knowledge of significant national and international events will be tested. In History of India, emphasis will be on broad general understanding of the subject in its social, economic and political aspects. Questions on the Indian National Movement will relate to the nature and character of the nineteenth century resurgence, growth of nationalism and attainment of Independence. In Geography, emphasis will be on Geography of India. Questions on the Geography of India will relate to physical, social and economic Geography of the country, including the main features of Indian agricultural and natural resources. Questions on Indian Polity and Economy will test knowledge of the country’s political system and Constitution of India, Panchayati Raj, Social Systems and economic developments in India. On general mental ability, the candidates will be tested on reasoning and analytical abilities.
The Question Papers (Test Booklets) are set in English & Hindi.
The course content of the syllabi is of degree level.
Duration of each paper is 2 hours.
Blind candidates are allowed an extra time of 20 minutes for each paper.
There is no negative marking and the score in the Prelims does not affect the ranking in the final merit list.
Cut Off Marks for Prelims Exam
Optional subject | Minimum number of questions need to be correct for optional subject | Minimum number of questions need to be correct for General Studies |
Geography | 84-95 | 90+ |
Indian History | 95-98 | 95 |
Mathematics | 68 | 95 |
Political Science | 90+ | 95+ |
Public Administration | 84-98 | 90 |
II: Main Examination
The Main Exam consists of a written exam and an interview test. The written exam has 9 papers of conventional essay type. Marks obtained in the Main Exam will determine whether a candidate is called for the interview. Marks obtained in the Main Exam plus interview determines the final ranking. Candidates are allotted various services keeping in view their ranks in the examination and preferences expressed by them. The written examination consists of the following papers:
Note
(i) The papers on Indian Languages and English will be of Matriculation or equivalent standard and will be of qualifying nature; the marks obtained in these papers will not be counted for ranking.
(ii) The papers on Essay, General Studies and Optional Subjects of only such candidates will be evaluated as attain such minimum standard as may be fixed by the Commission in their discretion for the qualifying papers on Indian Language and English.
(iii) The paper-I on Indian Languages will not, however, be compulsory for candidates hailing from the North-Eastern States of Arunachanl Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland and also for candidates hailing from the State of Sikkim.
(iv) For the Language papers, the script to be used by the candidates will be as under
(v) Candidates who have opted for an Indian Language as language medium for the Main Examination have an option of being interviewed either in English or in the same language which they have opted for the Main Examination.
List of optional subjects (Literature): Arabic, Assamese, Bengali, Chinese, English, French, German, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Marathi, Malayalam, Manipuri, Nepali, Oriya, Pali, Persian, Punjabi, Russian, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telegu, Urdu.
Optional subjects for Main Examination (any two): Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Botany, Chemistry, Civil Engineering, Commerce and Accountancy, Economics, Electrical Engineering, Geography, Geology, History, Law, Management, Mathematics, Mechanical Engineering,20Medical Science, Philosophy, Physics, Political Science and International Relations, Psychology, Public Administration, Sociology, Statistics, Zoology.
The following combinations not allowed are:
Political Science & International Relations and Public Administration
Commerce and Management
Anthropology and Sociology
Mathematics and Statistics
Agriculture and Animal Husbandry &Veterinary Science
Management and Public Administration
Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science and Medical Science
Any two branches of engineering.
The question papers for the examination will be of conventional (essay) type.
Each paper will be of three hours duration. Blind candidates will, however be allowed an extra time of thirty minutes at each paper.
Sequence of papers
General Studies
Essay, followed by English Language
Indian Language (1, 2 and 3 are on three consecutive days)
History
Mathematics/Statistics
Sociology/Anthropology
Geography
Civil Engg./Electrical Engg./Mechanical Engg./Medical Science
Political Science and International Relations/Public Administration
Literature (literature in all languages)
Physics
Commerce and Accountancy/Management
Zoology
Economics
Botany
Law
Philosophy
Agriculture/Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science
Psychology
Chemistry
Geology
General Studies
Paper-I
(a) History of Modern India and Indian Culture
The History of Modern India will cover history of the Country from about the middle of nineteenth century and would also include questions on important personalities who shaped the Freedom Movement and Social reforms. The part relating to Indian Culture will cover all aspects of Indian Culture from the ancient to modern times.
(b) Geography of India
In this part, questions will be on the physical, economic and social geography of India.
(c) Indian Polity
This part will include questions on the Constitution of India, Political system and related matters.
(d) Current National issues and topics of social relevance
This part is intended to test the Candidate's awareness of current national issues and topics of social relevance in the present-day India, such as the following.
Demography & Human Resource & related issues. Behavioral & Social issues & Social Welfare problems, such as child labour, gender equality, adult literacy, rehabilitation of the handicapped and other deprived segments of the society, drug abuse, public health etc.
Law enforcement issues, human rights, corruption in public life, communal harmony etc.
Internal Security and related issues.
Environmental issues, ecological preservation, conservation of natural resources and national heritage.
The role of national institutions, their relevance and need for change.
Paper-II
(a) India and the World
This part is intended to test candidate's awareness of India's relationship with the world in various spheres, such as the following:-
Foreign Affairs
External Security and related matters
Nuclear Policy
Indians abroad
(b) Indian Economy
In this part, questions will be on the planning and economic development in India, economic & trade issues, Foreign Trade, the role and functions of I.M.F., World Bank, W.T.O. etc.
(c) International Affairs & Institutions
This part will include questions on important events in world affairs and on international institutions.
(d) Developments in the field of science & technology, communications and space
In this part, questions will test the candidate's awareness of the developments in the field of science & technology, communications and space and also basic ideas of computers.
(e) Statistical analysis, graphs and diagrams
This part will include exercises to test the candidate's ability to draw common sense conclusions from information presented in statistical, graphical or diagrammatical form and to point out deficiencies, limitations or inconsistencies therein.
Essay
Candidates will be required to write an essay on a specific topic. The choice of subjects will be given. They will be expected to keep closely to the subject of the essay to arrange their ideas in orderly fashion, and to write concisely. Credit will be given for effective and exact expression.
English
The aim of the paper is to test the candidate's ability to read and understand serious discursive prose, and to express his ideas clearly and correctly in English/Indian language concerned.
The pattern of questions would be broadly as follows :-
(i) Comprehension of given passages.
(ii) Precise Writing
(iii) Usage and Vocabulary
(iv) Short Essay
Note 1 : The candidates will have to answer the English papers in English language (except where translation is involved).
General Instructions (Preliminary as well as Main Examination):
(i) Candidates must write the papers in their own hand. In no circumstances, they will be allowed the help of a scribe to write the answers for them. However, blind candidates will be allowed to write the examination with the help of a scribe.
Note (1) : The eligibility conditions of a scribe, his/her conduct inside the examination hall and the manner in which and extent to which he/she can help the blind candidate in writing the Civil Services Examination shall be governed by the instructions issued by the UPSC in this regard. Violation of all or any of the said instructions shall entail the cancellation of the candidature of the blind candidate in addition to any other action that the UPSC may take against the scribe.
ii) The Commission have discretion to fix qualifying marks in any or all the subjects of the examination.
(iii) If a candidate’s handwriting is not easily legible, a deduction will be made on this account from the total marks otherwise accruing to him.
(iv) Marks will not be allotted for mere superficial knowledge.
(v) Credit will be given for orderly, effective and exact expression combined with due economy of words in all subjects of the examination.
(vi) In the question papers, wherever required, SI units will be used.
(vii) Candidates should use only international form of Indian numerals (i.e. 1,2,3,4,5,6 etc.) while answering question papers.
(viii) Candidates will be allowed the use of Scientific (Non-Programmable type) calculators at the conventional (Essay) type examination of UPSC. Programmable type calculators will however not be allowed and the use of such calculators shall tantamount to resorting to unfair means by the candidates. Loaning or interchanging of calculators in the Examination Hall is not permitted.
It is also important to note that candidates are not permitted to use calculators for answering objective type papers (Test Booklets). They should not therefore bring the same inside the Examination Hall.
III: Interview Test
The final stage of selection is the interview which is conducted in April/May every year. The object of the interview is to assess the suitability of the candidate for a career in public service. It is an assessment of not only the intellectual qualities but also social traits and interest in current affairs. Some of the qualities judged are: mental alertness, critical powers of assimilation, logical exposition, balance of judgement, variety and depth of interest, social cohesion, leadership and above all, intellectual and moral integrity. There are cases where students clear the preliminary and the mains but fail at the last stage. The secret is to start for preparations for the interview along with the written test. To succeed in the interview, candidates should take an intelligent interest not only in areas of their subjects, but also in what is happening around them, both within and outside their country. They should be aware of modern currents of thought and in new discoveries which should arouse the curiosity of well educated youth. That is why it is most important to read magazines and newspapers, watch television programmes on current affairs and learn to organise thoughts the way the participants do.
Develop the habit of debating and discussing issues with friends or parents. Develop interests and hobbies so that you are able to answer convincingly Understand the current affairs and the issues behind the events. Remember that the interview is not a cross examination but a natural but purposeful conversation. It is an opportunity to reveal the mental qualities of a candidate.
The interview is not a test of specialised knowledge, as that has already been tested in written examination. The idea is to see the social traits of a person and his personality as suited to a career in the Civil Services. If a person gives the impression of being a bookworm, the chances of his selection are reduced. The candidate must exhibit an intelligent interest in events happening around him so that he appears to be a complete personality.
Tips to improve your performance at the UPSC Interview
There are generally 5 members at the board with the Chairperson seated at the center. Enter confidently and greet the Chairperson, who will probably welcome you, and pleasantly nod at other members. Wait till you are asked to sit. Have a positive body language.
Intelligent listing is the mantra, and for this maintaining eye contact is very important. You should not glare but all the same appear attentive and do not glance at other members, it can be very distracting for the interviewer. However if some other member asks you anything, look at that member and answer and turn back to the first - this is what we do in normal attentive listening.
Do not fidget or throw your hands around, or shake your head. Less amount of movement does not mean you should sit unnaturally stiff. Your posture should be attentive and relaxed at the same time. Do not crouch/bend forward or place your hands on the table.
Cut your answer short to the required patience shown by the member talking to you. They usually like to talk more, so listen carefully and think for a few seconds before you start answering the question. This will show that you are organising your thoughts in mind before starting to speak.
Leave some room for difference in opinion. Do take a stand, but do not look adamant or unwilling to appreciate the board's opinion.
Use couple of words from the question while answering any question. It shows you have listened to the question carefully. But at the same time limit the use the technical jargon.
Listen very carefully. Come to the central issue of the enquiry immediately. Wild guessing or speculation are a complete no no. Answer questions clearly and confidently.
Do not start evaluating your performance while still in the interview. Even if you have committed mistakes in the beginning, do not think that you have already lost the game. They are looking for warm, sensitive respectful and attentive youngsters. They know you are good or you would not have come so far.
Talk humbly about your achievements and hobbies. You may have mentioned some hobbies in the form without serious background in them, but before the interview it would be useful to pick up some basic info on the hobby.
Say less to convey more. Try not getting into long winded explanations and answer to the point.Less is more these days as per the minimalist creed. Argue logically and generalise correctly. Do not try to read too much between the lines.
Remember, while answering any question, what is easy to see is easy to miss. We often tend to miss the obvious and go for some non-crucial aspect of the subject.
Get up to leave only when the chairperson asks you to, not because you think everyone has asked a question. Similarly, even if someone has not asked a question and the chairperson asks you to leave then please leave. Some members do not ask questions at all, due to various reasons like limited time.
Before leaving politely thank the chairperson and nod at the others politely. Avoid saying "Have a good day sir". A "Thank you Sir/Madam" is enough.
Things To Be Avoided at the UPSC Interview
Avoid the expression, 'I am sorry.'
Avoid conversational cliches, like: 'as you know', 'that's correct', 'of course', 'indeed', 'obviously', etc.
Avoid technical jargon. However, if a member continues to probe you in any technical field, you can use technical expressions.
Maintain a cheerful disposition. Now and then you can appear serious; but most of the time keep smiling or look cheerful and composed. One caution here: if the board laughs, you should only smile. It is only when you maintain some amount of distance that the board begins to wonder about the depth of your personality.
Do not give long introductions. Come straight to the heart of the matter.
Show human concern whenever possible in your answers.
You should be logically consistent and analyse things rationally while talking. You are supposed to defend what you say, but with due respect to the views of the board. Stop trying to defend an answer if it becomes difficult to do so logically and fairly.
Do not make hasty or sweeping generalisations.
Tips on IAS Preparation
Time Management
We see many people around us who spend their time in a frenzy of activity but achieve very little because they are not concentrating on the right things. They are perpetually busy but it does not necessarily mean that they make optimum utilization of their time. So there is a great need for effective Time Management in our lives today.
We keep hearing the word "Busy" a lot. There are two kinds of busy, chaotic, disorganized busy and calm effective busy. It goes without saying that being the latter helps to pack in more productivity in your work. Improving our "effectiveness Quotient" calls for mastery of basic time management skills.
We constantly hear the refrain that we do not know where the time goes. Whether you are an executive, a student or a homemaker, you need to achieve more in every minute of the day and to enjoy each task that you take up. We will be well on our way to the top if we know how to squeeze the most out of even a minute.
The first thing to bear in mind is to question whether you have a personal sense of time or a time log. This helps you to keep track of how you spend each hour. There is a way to do this. Divide each day for a period of two weeks into one hour intervals and jot down what you do in them. You can sub divide the activities under such headings as business meetings, writing, making phone calls, reading, time spent with the family etc. At the end of the week, examine your time log.
What you may find is that very little time goes into top priority activities and more into activities such as phone calls, coffee breaks, chatting with friends etc. Now is the time to analyze what activities are a waste of time and what need more time. Try to cut down time spent on useless activities or stop doing them altogether. Once you have prioritized your time, you will find your efficiency level rising and the end result is that you will be an achiever!
How to choose a subject?
Normally one should select optional, which one is familiar with, or has at least studied till the graduate level. If you are not comfortable with the subject, you should not select the subject as an optional. But the choice should not only be as per your interests but also be based on the study material available. Even science and engineering students take up subjects like history, sociology, anthropology, geography, political science, psychology and public administration because there is a huge amount of study material available in these subjects. Also keep in mind that you may have been proficient in a subject, but lack of touch may make it tougher to crack technical subject where freshers may do better. The competition is among the people who have opted for the same subject. One should top in his/her subject to succeed in the examination. The Point is, if you are an electrical engineer with 2 years of experience go for a new subject like public administration or sociology.
Analyse the syllabus of previous years and the question papers, and analyse past trends. Get some feedback/advice from seniors and fellow students who are well versed in the subject. Remember no subject is bad. History is good if you can spend more than 4-5 hours everyday. Geography is a good option if you can spend at least 4 hrs every day. Pub Ad, more than 3 hours. Sociology, more than 2 hours and so on.... So, it all depends on how much time you can spend a day and your liking of the subject. You have a very good memory then a technical subject may help else a social subject would be better. Lastly look for overlap in subjects like, sociology and public administration; history and political science etc.
Prepare Well
Before initiating the preparations, a few things must be noted by the candidates. The choice of optional subject for Paper-II has to be done very carefully. The candidates must plan ahead of time with eyes on the main examination and choose the optional which he/she intends taking up in the Mains. The preparations done for the preliminaries would assist the candidates in getting good grasp of the subject and the effort put in would not go waste after the prelims. Secondly, optional subject carries more number of maximum marks as compared to the General Studies Paper. Hence, its importance cannot be undermined. A candidate doing well in the optional paper is expected to fare well in the examination. Moreover, the optional subject for Paper-II should usually be the subject in which the candidate has either attained proficiency/higher academic qualification or in which the candidate feels at home. Another consideration is the performance of candidates in the said subject in the recent past. There are several20subjects like History, Psychology, Sociology, Public Administration etc in which even the candidates not having special or additional educational qualifications have been doing reasonably well, while the subjects like Mathematics, Physics, and Engineering are considered to offer tougher questions and the candidates with exceptionally good preparation only may expect to do well. But this observation may not be taken as the universal truth. Moreover, the aptitude and proficiency of a particular candidate in a given subject also plays an important role in arriving at a decision.
Availability and access to good and prescribed books is yet another consideration and often the candidates are also guided by this factor, particularly in smaller towns. Books for preliminary examination are available in plenty in common subjects but in case of specialised optional like Mathematics, Engineering, Agriculture etc, one has to look carefully for good books which cover all parts of the syllabus.
Preparations for Paper-II also need specific planning. It would be wrong to confine the studies only to the multiple choice objective type questions. Unless a detailed study of the subject is carried out, it would be difficult to answer the questions on the subject properly. The aim, must, therefore, be to clearly understand the basics of the subject by covering each and every aspect of the syllabus. This provides a candidate with adequate self-confidence and knowledge to answer the questions correctly. It is better to consult various books on different aspects, as it is very rare that one single book covers the entire syllabus with total efficiency. After going through all parts of the syllabus in detail and getting hold of the basic concepts, it is desirable to have sufficient practice in solving multiple choice objective type questions. A good book on objective type multiple choice questions or a good question bank on the subject concerned may assist the candidates a great deal. Such practice, on the one hand, would perfect the art of answering the questions correctly and rapidly, and on the other would enable the candidates in understanding the questions asked in various forms. It is normally observed that at times even simple questions are asked in such a complex manner that it becomes difficult to understand the question correctly.
It is not difficult to find out a candidate who had, during the past couple of years, appeared in the prelims with the same subject. It is always better to discuss the subject, its intricacies, pattern of questions and the books to be studied. In addition, it is also not difficult to identify the candidate offering the same optional subject for Paper-II within the same town/city. It is always fruitful to have detailed discussions on various parts of the syllabus, books to be consulted for the basics, multiple choice question books or question banks and other related issues. Finally, the practice of correctly marking the answer sheet by using minimum possible time will go a long way in helping you succeed
How To Prepare For Prelims
The civil services examination is basically a test to choose suitable administrators. It tests the candidate right from the stage when one starts the preparation. One common misconception about the prelims is that it is a test of facts and figures. This is not so. A candidate should have the right frame of mind and the will power to succeed in the exam. A proper action plan is needed for the preparation itself since he /she will be tested for some essential qualities like power of retention, clarity of concepts, ability to identify the correct alternatives with efficiency and accuracy. All this requires a quick decision making power. Since the preliminary exam in particular is a test of endurance the candidate needs to prepare himself on the physical as well as mental level. The main constraint is the time one gets to answer questions. On an average one gets around 40 seconds for each general Studies question and around 50 seconds for each optional question. Added to this time constraint is the fact that the exam is conducted in the month of May which is usually the hottest month all over the country. Most of the centres for the exam do not have proper facilities which adds to the stress. One sure way of dealing with this stress is to count numbers or to take a few deep breaths. Meditation and Yoga also help in dealing with stress to a great extent.
Now we come to the actual preparation for the prelims exam. Since it is a multiple choice question paper, it needs a different preparation and a proper strategy. The first thing a candidate needs to bear in mind is that the examination is designed to evaluate certain qualities like a sharp memory and basic retention power. There are ways to increase one's memory like preparing charts. One gets confused when faced with mind boggling facts and figures. Important facts and figures can be simplified and represented on charts and they can arranged in the form of tables or graphs. Another thing to remember is to make short and brief notes on each topic so that the entire syllabus can be revised a day before the exam. It is better to use diagrams and link words which make it easier to understand difficult concepts. One more technique to help in retaining information is the use of abbreviations. Since the syllabus involves exhaustive information abbreviations help you to remember it better. It is a good method to remember dates, facts and figures in a picture format and to break up complex names and places into smaller and simpler words. The last and the most important technique is doing regular revision. This helps in retaining the maximum information. A separate time slot should be given to doing not only regular but multiple revisions like daily, weekly, monthly etc.
Many candidates make a mistake of overloading themselves with lots of information and end up remembering nothing. One should be able to differentiate between relevant and irrelevant information. Since the preliminary exam is an elimination round the candidate should also learn to focus only on the information needed and filter out the rest. It helps to discuss with friends and teachers but the most reliable way is to past years question papers for the optional subject whereas for the general studies paper, one should keep abreast with current events and information related to them.
An important thing to remember is that for this exam it is just enough to remember information but to understand the concepts well instead of memorizing facts and figures. The questions asked in the General Studies paper are of 10+2 level whereas for the optional subject it is graduation level. Therefore emphasis has to be on conceptual clarity. Any concept has to be understood with its origin, merits and de-merits, then it needs to be analysed with other relevant topics and lastly it has to be correlated with the events that have taken place during the year.
The preliminary exam requires candidates who have the acumen and the ability to choose the right option of many given options. This needs a proper method of elimination. It is a good idea to go through previous years and model question papers and solve as many as possible. Taking a mock test of a certain number of G.S. questions and optional questions would be a good practice and help to pick out the most appropriate option.
Each prelims paper is for two hours but a lot of time is wasted in signing attendance sheets etc, therefore there is a lot of need for effective Time Management not only for the exam but in the preparation as well. It is not enough to know the right answer but it has to be marked correctly on the answer sheet. Speed and Accuracy are important, so solving model question papers on a regular basis would be a great help.
A good presence of mind is needed to eliminate the least appropriate options and arrive at the right one. Tick out the least correct answer first and go on to the next option. Even when faced with a question for which you do not have a ready answer, with basic common sense and a good presence of mind, it is possible to make your guess a smart and a correct one.
Throughout the preparation for the prelims exam, it is important to remember that any topic or concept should not be studied in isolation. It is better to understand and establish a correlation between related concepts from other subjects and current events and happenings.
Even with all this preparation, it is necessary to have a positive attitude and a great amount of will power to succeed to achieve your goal, that of getting through the civil services examination with flying colors!
How to Prepare Notes
Appearing for any competitive exam requires a lot of preparation. Students should be ready to face this challenge in the best possible way. Though there is no one way of studying, there are ways to study more effectively and with less stress and more enjoyment. It is important to know how to make use of the sources available to you in the best possible way. It is wise to take a three pronged approach to preparation, reading to learn, making effective notes and able to write answers to various kinds of questions.
Students are often faced with the daunting task of making voluminous notes. Now the question arises as to why make notes at all. There are several good reasons, one is that you cannot make notes without understanding the given topic, since you have to pick out the important points and try to summarise them. Next is that writing down any information helps you to remember it better. Thirdly, it makes a good practice for thinking and writing out essays. Fourth, it will prompt you to revise your work since it does not take a long time to go through a set of well made notes. Lastly, it helps you in your final revision by reminding you of the most important points of each topic.
The next question is when should one make notes? One should make notes from the very beginning as soon as you have done your studying when the material is fresh in mind. This helps to fix it in your memory. It is better to make notes from all possible sources, from what you read, what you hear and from what you do. After making the first brief notes, it can be expanded and organised properly. You can then keep adding information to it from time to time. One important thing to remember is to never treat a set of notes as the final version.
There are different methods of making notes and one should decide which method suits you the best. There are two types of making notes, one is the LINEAR NOTES and the other PATTERN NOTES.
Let us start with Linear notes first, it is a method in which you condense the material you have read using headings and sub headings and jotting down the most important points. This method works best when making notes from a book where the material is already properly organised. But one disadvantage of this method is that you end up copying a lot of material from the book which defeats the very purpose of condensing.
The right way to use this method is to use loose sheets of paper instead of an exercise book since it is easier to keep adding information. It is a good idea to leave space on each sheet of paper for additional information. Another way to make your notes more interesting is to use colors, block letters, making boxes and highlighting as and when necessary. All this will immediately draw our attention to the actual contents of our notes and make it more clear and comprehensible.
We now come to Pattern Notes. For this we have to begin the topic at the centre of the page. Each line radiating from it represents a branch of the main idea. Each point is written as briefly as possible using a key word or a phrase. It is a better method to adopt because it is more flexible than making Linear notes. One can add extra information to it at any point without any problem. Second advantage is that we can see the whole pattern at one go without actually turning the pages. Thirdly we can indicate the links between different topics more easily than we can do in a linear method. Another advantage of pattern notes is that it is exceptionally useful when making notes from memory for revision as you keep jotting down points as and when they occur to you. This makes it easier to revise for exams and writing out essays as only brief key words are used. Lastly, it is easier to remember as notes is made in a shape format.
But this method has some disadvantages as well. If there are too many facts and too much of information, your pattern becomes messy and over crowded. Using key words can remind you of basic ideas but when it comes to remembering details, this method cannot be sufficient. Therefore the most effective way of making good notes from the sources available is to use a combination of these two methods. One important thing to remember is that for many subjects your notes will have to include diagrams and sketch maps. They must be accurate and labeled very clearly.
For example while making notes for Science, the general lay out has to follow the one given by your teacher with as little variation as possible. There are four basic stages which should always be there, Purpose, Method, Result and Conclusion If there is a description it will have to include a diagram and if it is recorded data, it will require a table or a graph.
Whatever method you decide to follow, one thing to remember is to keep your notes handy at all times and in a proper file. It is a good idea to use colored flags to demarcate different topics. With such systematic preparation, a student can face the challenge of any competitive exam with confidence.
How to Write Answers
The civil services main exam consists of descriptive type of questions. It focuses on testing the candidate on various levels. The time limit for the essay paper is 3 hrs without a word limit, but for the optional paper, there are questions with specific word limit like 250 words in optional subjects and 250 words, 150 words and 20 words in general studies. The candidate then has to prepare himself to answer all types of questions. The most important thing to be kept in mind is the time constraint. Therefore it becomes necessary to answer these questions quickly and effectively and in minimum words.
One common doubt that students have is with regard to the style of answering questions, whether to adopt the paragraph or the point style of answering questions. Though there is no set rule, it is wise to adopt a style depending on the question asked. If the question says to discuss, analyse or critically examine, it would be better to answer the question the paragraph format. On the other hand, if the question asks you to list the advantages or give reasons for/ against etc., it is better to go in for the point format of answering.
STYLE OF ANSWERING QUESTIONS:
For this it is very important to understand the question first. Depending on what the question is, whether one is asked to "discuss", "elucidate", "explain"," critically Appreciate" or "give reasons for and against", the answer should be written Accordingly because it is only through the examinee's style of answering questions that one can assess his or her originality of thought and analytical abilities. The question should be read properly, in fact the question paper should be read thoroughly in the first five or ten minutes of the exam and then one should decide on the questions which are to be answered first. Time should also be given to frame the answer so that there is no confusion later on.
A good way to write effective and precise answers is to pracise writing out answers. our answers should present the facts and concepts in an interesting way and should never read like a passage from a book. It is best to use simple English and avoid flowy and decorative language which takes our attention away from the original facts and our opinions about a given topic. Making a practice of writing out answers is especially useful in managing the time limit set for the exam and to write the best possible answer in the allotted time It not only improves one's style of expression, but also one gets used to the time and word limits.
HOW TO WRITE A GOOD ANSWER:
It is just not enough to know all the facts and information but the most important thing to be kept in mind is to write an answer which has a clear and a logical frame, which presents information in a clear and concise manner, which does not contain any irrelevant or piling up of information, which is interesting and able to hold one's attention.
So the next logical step is to know how to write a good answer. The first step is to prepare the framework where one can list all ideas, thoughts and facts and write them down. It is important to adopt an answering style which is natural, original and to the point. Emphasis should be given to the kind of language used, one which is simple and clear without unnecessary use of nouns and verbs. Use of archaic and fancy words or language should be avoided at all costs. Care should be taken to avoid grammatical mistakes which will give a negative opinion however good the answer may be. Last but not the least, it is very important to have a good and a legible handwriting.
How to Read Effectively
Students are often at a loss when faced with the extensive syllabus of Mains exam. One should be objective and try to focus on about 70% of the syllabus instead of being over ambitious and trying to cover the whole syllabus. The next thing to be kept in mind is the choice of study material. It is a wise option to just refer to few standard books to get an deep understanding of the subject. Reading from too many books will do more harm than good.
Lastly it is good to be selective while preparing for a given topic, to list out all the important points and the relevant information in a logical framework. It is important to remember that studying for the exam involves Purposeful reading which is basically reading with a certain focus on the given topic and preparing for the possible questions accordingly. Before starting on any topic, it is a wise move to go through the questions asked in the past about the given topic and jot down the probable questions for the current year. It gives an idea to the king of material one needs to study to be able to answer such questions effectively. After this mentally analyse all that you have read and try to logically link all the points and see if you have understood everything. Such a kind of periodical revision will help in the long run as it will ensure that it increases your understanding, improves and enhances your memory, and makes you more confident so that you give your best performance.Suggested Books for IAS
Coaching Centres in India
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A.U. Project Format (for final year studs)
ANNA UNIVERSITY :: CHENNAI 600 025
FORMAT FOR PREPARATION OF PROJECT REPORT
FOR B.E. / B. TECH. / B. ARCH.
1. ARRANGEMENT OF CONTENTS:
The sequence in which the project report material should be arranged and bound should be as follows:
1. Cover Page & Title Page
2. Bonafide Certificate
3. Abstract
4. Table of Contents
5. List of Tables
6. List of Figures
7. List of Symbols, Abbreviations and Nomenclature
8. Chapters
9. Appendices
10. References
The table and figures shall be introduced in the appropriate places.
2.PAGE DIMENSION AND BINDING SPECIFICATIONS:
The dimension of the project report should be in A4 size. The project report should be bound using flexible cover of the thick white art paper. The cover should be printed in black letters and the text for printing should be identical.
3. PREPARATION FORMAT:
3.1 Cover Page & Title Page – A specimen copy of the Cover page & Title page of the project report are given in Appendix 1. 3.2 Bonafide Certificate – The Bonafide Certificate shall be in double line spacing using Font Style Times New Roman and Font Size 14, as per the format in Appendix 2.
The certificate shall carry the supervisor’s signature and shall be followed by the supervisor’s name, academic designation (not any other responsibilities of administrative nature), department and full address of the institution where the supervisor has guided the student. The term ‘SUPERVISOR’ must be typed in capital letters between the supervisor’s name and academic designation.
3.3 Abstract – Abstract should be one page synopsis of the project report typed double line spacing, Font Style Times New Roman and Font Size 14.
3.4 Table of Contents – The table of contents should list all material following it as well as any material which precedes it. The title page and Bonafide Certificate will not find a place among the items listed in the Table of Contents but the page numbers of which are in lower case Roman letters. One and a half spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this head. A specimen copy of the Table of Contents of the project report is given in Appendix 3.
3.5 List of Tables – The list should use exactly the same captions as they appear above the tables in the text. One and a half spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this head.
3.6 List of Figures – The list should use exactly the same captions as they appear below the figures in the text. One and a half spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this head.
3.7 List of Symbols, Abbreviations and Nomenclature – One and a half spacing should be adopted or typing the matter under this head. Standard symbols, abbreviations etc. should be used.
3.8 Chapters – The chapters may be broadly divided into 3 parts (i) Introductory chapter, (ii) Chapters developing the main theme of the project work (iii) and Conclusion.
The main text will be divided into several chapters and each chapter may be further divided into several divisions and sub-divisions.
v Each chapter should be given an appropriate title.
v Tables and figures in a chapter should be placed in the immediate vicinity of the reference where they are cited.
v Footnotes should be used sparingly. They should be typed single space and placed directly underneath in the very same page, which refers to the material they annotate.
3.9 Appendices – Appendices are provided to give supplementary information, which is included in the main text may serve as a distraction and cloud the central theme.
· Appendices should be numbered using Arabic numerals, e.g. Appendix 1, Appendix 2, etc.
· Appendices, Tables and References appearing in appendices should be numbered and referred to at appropriate places just as in the case of chapters.
· Appendices shall carry the title of the work reported and the same title shall be made in the contents page also.
3.10 List of References –The listing of references should be typed 4 spaces below the heading “REFERENCES” in alphabetical order in single spacing left – justified. The reference material should be listed in the alphabetical order of the first author. The name of the author/authors should be immediately followed by the year and other details.
A typical illustrative list given below relates to the citation example quoted above.
REFERENCES
1. Ariponnammal, S. and Natarajan, S. (1994) ‘Transport Phonomena of Sm Sel – X Asx’, Pramana – Journal of Physics Vol.42, No.1, pp.421-425.
2. Barnard, R.W. and Kellogg, C. (1980) ‘Applications of Convolution Operators to Problems in Univalent Function Theory’, Michigan Mach, J., Vol.27, pp.81–94.
3. Shin, K.G. and Mckay, N.D. (1984) ‘Open Loop Minimum Time Control of Mechanical Manipulations and its Applications’, Proc.Amer.Contr.Conf., San Diego, CA, pp. 1231-1236.
3.10.1 Table and figures - By the word Table, is meant tabulated numerical data in the body of the project report as well as in the appendices. All other non-verbal materials used in the body of the project work and appendices such as charts, graphs, maps, photographs and diagrams may be designated as figures.
4. TYPINGINSTRUCTIONS:
The impression on the typed copies should be black in colour.
One and a half spacing should be used for typing the general text. The general text shall be typed in the Font style ‘Times New Roman’ and Font size 14.
* * * * *
APPENDIX 1
(A typical Specimen of Cover Page & Title Page)
TITLE OF PROJECT REPORT
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
NAME OF THE CANDIDATE(S)
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of
NAME OF THE DEGREE
IN
BRANCH OF STUDY
NAME OF THE COLLEGE
ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025
MONTH & YEAR
SPECIMEN
SOME PERFORMANCE ASPECTS CONSIDERATIONS OF A CLASS OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
SANDHYA. A
GAYATHRI.R in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING in
INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL ENGINEERING
XXX ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KANCHEEPURAM
ANNA UNIVERSITY:: CHENNAI 600 025
MAY 2005
APPENDIX 2
(A typical specimen of Bonafide Certificate)
ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report “……….TITLE OF THE PROJECT……………..”is the bonafide work of “…………..NAME OF THE CANDIDATE(S).…………” who carried out the project work under my supervision.
<> <>
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
<> <>
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR
<>
<> <>
<> <>
APPENDIX 3(A typical specimen of table of contents)
TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO. ABSTRACT iii LIST OF TABLE xvi LIST OF FIGURES xviii LIST OF SYMBOLS xxvii 1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 GENERAL 1
1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1 General 5
1.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.2.2.1 General 19
1.2.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.2.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.3 . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 45
1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 69
2.1 GENERAL 75
2.2 . . . . . . . . . . 99
2.2 ……………. 100
FORMAT FOR PREPARATION OF PROJECT REPORT
FOR B.E. / B. TECH. / B. ARCH.
1. ARRANGEMENT OF CONTENTS:
The sequence in which the project report material should be arranged and bound should be as follows:
1. Cover Page & Title Page
2. Bonafide Certificate
3. Abstract
4. Table of Contents
5. List of Tables
6. List of Figures
7. List of Symbols, Abbreviations and Nomenclature
8. Chapters
9. Appendices
10. References
The table and figures shall be introduced in the appropriate places.
2.PAGE DIMENSION AND BINDING SPECIFICATIONS:
The dimension of the project report should be in A4 size. The project report should be bound using flexible cover of the thick white art paper. The cover should be printed in black letters and the text for printing should be identical.
3. PREPARATION FORMAT:
3.1 Cover Page & Title Page – A specimen copy of the Cover page & Title page of the project report are given in Appendix 1. 3.2 Bonafide Certificate – The Bonafide Certificate shall be in double line spacing using Font Style Times New Roman and Font Size 14, as per the format in Appendix 2.
The certificate shall carry the supervisor’s signature and shall be followed by the supervisor’s name, academic designation (not any other responsibilities of administrative nature), department and full address of the institution where the supervisor has guided the student. The term ‘SUPERVISOR’ must be typed in capital letters between the supervisor’s name and academic designation.
3.3 Abstract – Abstract should be one page synopsis of the project report typed double line spacing, Font Style Times New Roman and Font Size 14.
3.4 Table of Contents – The table of contents should list all material following it as well as any material which precedes it. The title page and Bonafide Certificate will not find a place among the items listed in the Table of Contents but the page numbers of which are in lower case Roman letters. One and a half spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this head. A specimen copy of the Table of Contents of the project report is given in Appendix 3.
3.5 List of Tables – The list should use exactly the same captions as they appear above the tables in the text. One and a half spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this head.
3.6 List of Figures – The list should use exactly the same captions as they appear below the figures in the text. One and a half spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this head.
3.7 List of Symbols, Abbreviations and Nomenclature – One and a half spacing should be adopted or typing the matter under this head. Standard symbols, abbreviations etc. should be used.
3.8 Chapters – The chapters may be broadly divided into 3 parts (i) Introductory chapter, (ii) Chapters developing the main theme of the project work (iii) and Conclusion.
The main text will be divided into several chapters and each chapter may be further divided into several divisions and sub-divisions.
v Each chapter should be given an appropriate title.
v Tables and figures in a chapter should be placed in the immediate vicinity of the reference where they are cited.
v Footnotes should be used sparingly. They should be typed single space and placed directly underneath in the very same page, which refers to the material they annotate.
3.9 Appendices – Appendices are provided to give supplementary information, which is included in the main text may serve as a distraction and cloud the central theme.
· Appendices should be numbered using Arabic numerals, e.g. Appendix 1, Appendix 2, etc.
· Appendices, Tables and References appearing in appendices should be numbered and referred to at appropriate places just as in the case of chapters.
· Appendices shall carry the title of the work reported and the same title shall be made in the contents page also.
3.10 List of References –The listing of references should be typed 4 spaces below the heading “REFERENCES” in alphabetical order in single spacing left – justified. The reference material should be listed in the alphabetical order of the first author. The name of the author/authors should be immediately followed by the year and other details.
A typical illustrative list given below relates to the citation example quoted above.
REFERENCES
1. Ariponnammal, S. and Natarajan, S. (1994) ‘Transport Phonomena of Sm Sel – X Asx’, Pramana – Journal of Physics Vol.42, No.1, pp.421-425.
2. Barnard, R.W. and Kellogg, C. (1980) ‘Applications of Convolution Operators to Problems in Univalent Function Theory’, Michigan Mach, J., Vol.27, pp.81–94.
3. Shin, K.G. and Mckay, N.D. (1984) ‘Open Loop Minimum Time Control of Mechanical Manipulations and its Applications’, Proc.Amer.Contr.Conf., San Diego, CA, pp. 1231-1236.
3.10.1 Table and figures - By the word Table, is meant tabulated numerical data in the body of the project report as well as in the appendices. All other non-verbal materials used in the body of the project work and appendices such as charts, graphs, maps, photographs and diagrams may be designated as figures.
4. TYPINGINSTRUCTIONS:
The impression on the typed copies should be black in colour.
One and a half spacing should be used for typing the general text. The general text shall be typed in the Font style ‘Times New Roman’ and Font size 14.
* * * * *
APPENDIX 1
(A typical Specimen of Cover Page & Title Page)
TITLE OF PROJECT REPORT
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
NAME OF THE CANDIDATE(S)
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of
NAME OF THE DEGREE
IN
BRANCH OF STUDY
NAME OF THE COLLEGE
ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025
MONTH & YEAR
SPECIMEN
SOME PERFORMANCE ASPECTS CONSIDERATIONS OF A CLASS OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
SANDHYA. A
GAYATHRI.R in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING in
INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL ENGINEERING
XXX ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KANCHEEPURAM
ANNA UNIVERSITY:: CHENNAI 600 025
MAY 2005
APPENDIX 2
(A typical specimen of Bonafide Certificate)
ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report “……….TITLE OF THE PROJECT……………..”is the bonafide work of “…………..NAME OF THE CANDIDATE(S).…………” who carried out the project work under my supervision.
<> <>
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
<> <>
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR
<>
<> <>
<> <>
APPENDIX 3(A typical specimen of table of contents)
TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO. ABSTRACT iii LIST OF TABLE xvi LIST OF FIGURES xviii LIST OF SYMBOLS xxvii 1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 GENERAL 1
1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1 General 5
1.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.2.2.1 General 19
1.2.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.2.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.3 . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 45
1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 69
2.1 GENERAL 75
2.2 . . . . . . . . . . 99
2.2 ……………. 100
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g-phone to be a new craze
With increasing attention from both online and traditional media, the prospect of a Google Phone (or gPhone, or whatever the legal teams can agree on) is raising questions around to what extent the search company might be moving out of their software comfort zone and into hardware. Opinion is already split over how successful Google could be if left in charge of a section of the wireless spectrum, and with little in the way of a track record the naysayers in some quarters seem to be becoming more vocal in their doubts. Reading a MEX analysis of Danger, however, I was struck by the similarity in the potential models between the company and Google. Danger, the developer behind the perennially popular Sidekick devices on the T-Mobile network, takes its revenue not from the distinctive handsets (which are constructed by Sharp and sold in the US, UK and Germany) but entirely from software and services - the device/server platform which makes the Sidekick unique. Although Danger initially had to design and oversee the hardware devices its platform would utilise - since there was no other handset suited to its needs - production is now sourced from entirely OEM suppliers. Danger instead markets its expertise as a software and interface specialist, profiting not only from a per-user licencing fee but from a percentage of third-party application sales. It’s not hard to see the potential for parallels with Google’s upcoming entrance into the telco market, only with the added benefit of potentially managing the frequency band the gPhone uses. Many doubt the company would introduce a handset of their own, instead preferring to supply a so-called Mobile OS, but perhaps Google will merely plant the seeds of compatibility - as Danger did with their built-for-purpose initial devices - with preliminary handsets and reference designs before relying on OEM and third-party manufacturers to produce interchangeable hardware tailored to the Google service backbone. Looking at the services Danger currently offers - continuous server-based backup of phone content, seamless IM and email - it’s not hard to spot parallels in Google’s own catalogue. Indeed, many users are already relying on the company for their email, their scheduling and their document creation, as well as their entertainment, in addition to the core search functionality. Adding the 700MHz band as a wireless bridge between any number of handsets instilled with the “Google DNA” (and here we borrow - and adapt - Danger’s own term for their services) would not, then, be the huge leap some commentators are predicting but instead an evolution of Google’s ever-growing ubiquity. MEX conclude by flagging Danger as a prime acquisition target “for companies keen to build a consumer messaging business around software and services”, and finger RIM as a good potential partner. What might be even more exciting, however, would be to see Google bring Danger into the fold; freed from the compromise of a traditional carrier, the possibility is there for third-party open access to seamless server/client connectivity. A Google Sidekick? Now that could spell Danger to the old-school telcos. Chris Davies
Thursday, March 6
Question Papers of Top IT-companies
This page connects you to links where you would get useful information about placement in IT companies..
To view the papers of IT companies, click the following link..
http://freshersworld.com/placementweek/papers.asp
The links that would help you to download the placement papers of interviews conducted by some Top IT companies are listed below:
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